Staghorn Coral Replication

Type

Design Experiment

Year
2023

Class

Design Topic Research Studio

Instructor
Jenny Sabin

Project Description
Staghorn corals (Acropora cervicornis) are fascinating organisms, particularly due to their unique calcium carbonate branch structure and internal tube system. Research in this area not only advances our understanding of coral reef ecosystems but also has broader implications for addressing environmental challenges. The study of their characteristics can provide valuable insights, encompassing ecological, conservation, biological, and even engineering aspects.

This experiment derived key characteristics of staghorn corals to design a bioinspired modular structure system. The modular branch structure demonstrated promising results, exhibiting constructability, durability, and ecological compatibility in simulated marine conditions. The bioinspired approach offers a sustainable and adaptable solution for addressing challenges in marine ecosystems, drawing inspiration from the intricate and resilient nature of staghorn corals.

Staghorn corals in their element

A pseudocode describes generative branching

Generative Design
The calcification process in staghorn corals is a dynamic and biologically controlled mechanism, resulting in the formation of branch structures and internal tubes comprising the calcium carbonate skeleton. To replicate the intricate geometry of staghorn coral skeletons, a generative branching algorithm has been implemented. This algorithm rooted in fundamental principles of points and vectors, offering a computational interpretation of staghorn coral's growth, branching patterns, and responses to environmental influences. The interpretation is systematically deconstructed into controlled parameters, forming a logical toolkit for customization. Key parameters, including R (Area for food source), F (Number of foods), L (Length of branches), B (Number of branches), P (Branch position), and N (Repetition), establish a structured framework for refining the generative process.

By leveraging the capabilities of Grasshopper in Rhinoceros 7 as an interface, the algorithm systematically generates and iterates branches. This process results in a network of lines forming the foundational structure of the coral-inspired design, mimicking the organic growth observed in natural coral formations. The interface not only facilitates this generative process but also provides a versatile platform for precise parameter control, visualization, and refinement. As a result, designer is equipped with the ability to interact directly with the generative algorithm and be able to make real-time adjustments and fine-tune the parameters.

Branching iterations based on points and lines

Matrix of iterations with parameters adjustment

Geometry manipulation based on mesh modeling creates microstructure and surface details

A 3D printed PLA model of staghorn coral replication generated from a Grasshopper definition

Design and fabrication for scalability
While exploring scalability, a crucial consideration in fabrication limitation became apparent. Recognizing this challenge, the experimental focus shifted towards ensuring not only the conceptual design's expansiveness but also its practical feasibility during fabrication. To address this concern, the designer introduced modular system, strategic disassembly, and joinery approaches. This intentional integration serves three goals: simplifying complexity while maintaining the original design aesthetic, optimizing the scalability of the original design intact, and smoothing out potential challenges during fabrication. This makes the design more adaptable to the constraints of the fabrication process, ensuring a smooth transition from conceptual vision to a tangible, structurally sound reality. These approaches enhance the design's practicality and underscores a holistic strategy that balances aesthetic goals with pragmatic feasibility.

Branch modules generated from a Grasshopper definition

One direction branching

Multiple directions branching

Multiple directions branching with joint rotation and collision avoidance

Ecological intervention
In terms of application, identifying a targeted site is crucial. By locating a seabed hosting small, delicate coral reefs that struggle to sustain juvenile marine life, making them vulnerable to predators. The challenging environment, with strong currents and a lack of substrates for coral attachment during reproduction, impedes reef growth. To address this, a design solution must be introduced.

The intervention involves placing a hexagonal grid as a foundational structure, expanding it, and adding branches for stability. These components provide a substrate for coral polyps to attach and grow, both above and below the water level. Underwater, the branches work to restore the coral reef ecosystem. Meanwhile, amphibious sections host barnacles, serving as a water purification system and contributing to the marine food chain. At the top, seabirds perch, contributing to the ecosystem through their droppings.

This integrated structure not only aids in coral reef recovery but also serves as a warning to sailors, signaling the presence of fragile reefs beneath. Over time, the cycle repeats, with the biodegradable structure eventually collapsing, signaling the completion of the cycle. As the coral reefs strengthen, they will become self-sufficient, capable of withstanding currents and providing a habitat for juvenile marine life.